Mapping vocabulary

What is a cay? And a fjord? Discover the meaning of 10 geographical terms

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Geography, like all academic disciplines, has its own vocabulary and terminology. Concerned with everything from physical phenomena of the planet to social interactions, geographers have many specialized terms and concepts. You’ve probably used some of the words in this list. Do atlas, fjord, geyser, lagoon, and volcano ring a bell? Yet, do you know exactly what they mean or where they originated? In this article, we are going through 10 terms that will turn you into a true geographer!

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An atlas is a collection of maps bound in a volume or book, but have you ever wondered why we call it that? The story is quite interesting and has to do with Greek mythology. Atlas was a member of the older family of Gods, a Titan. It is believed that in Ancient Greek, Atlas meant "The Bearer of the Heavens."

So, what’s the connection with maps? Apparently, it was so named because some early collections showed a representation of Atlas supporting the heavens on his shoulders. The first documented use of the term dates back to 1595 when a collection by the German-Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator was published. In the preface, Mercator explains why he chose this particular allusion: He considered Titan Atlas to be the first great geographer.

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In English fjord is a term applied to a deep and narrow inlet in the coast caused by the submergence of a deep glacial valley, with high rocky parallel sides, hanging valleys, and an irregular rocky floor. However, in Norwegian, it has a more general meaning and often refers to any long, narrow body of water, inlet, or channel.

The word fjord derives from the Old Norse fjǫrðr, meaning a "lake-like body of water used for passage" and is closely related to ferð, which means "traveling, ferrying, journey". Sounds familiar? Well, the English words ferry and fare have the same origin.

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A geyser is a hot spring that intermittently, sometimes at regular intervals, throws up a jet of hot water and steam in areas that are or were volcanic. We can find famous examples of geysers in the volcanic districts of Iceland and in the United States, for example, in Yellowstone National Park.

The English word geyser originated in the late 18th century and was borrowed from Geysir, which is the name of a specific hot spring in the valley of Haukadal, Iceland. In turn, geysir comes from the Old Norse term geysa, meaning "to gush".

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Jungle is a word brought home from India by the British in the 18th century. It derives from the Hindi and Marathi term jangal, which means desert, wasteland, or uncultivated ground. This land was frequently covered with scrub and tangled vegetation, including long grass.

In turn, jangal comes from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala, meaning rough and arid. Today, the term jungle is used popularly for any type of tropical forest with thick undergrowth.

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A volcano is a rift or vent in the Earth’s crust through which molten material erupts in the form of hot lava, gases, volcanic ash, and dust. In the United States, there are about 170 potentially active volcanoes, including Mount St. Helens in southwestern Washington, the Lassen Volcanic Center in California, the Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming, and Kilauea in Hawaii.

The earliest known use of the word volcano in English dates from the early 1600s in the works of Samuel Purchas, a British compiler of travel and discovery writings. It comes from the Latin word Vulcan, the Ancient Roman god of fire. The name was first used by the Romans to refer to Mount Etna, an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy.

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Tundra is the area comprising the barren plains of northern Canada, Alaska, and Eurasia. There's also an alpine tundra and an Antarctic tundra. It's a treeless region characterized by long, very cold winters and permafrost, where vegetation is restricted to mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs.

Since this particular biome includes vast areas of northern Russia, it makes sense that the word tundra has a Russian origin. It derives from the term tundar, from the Finno-Ugric languages of the Sami people, meaning "elevated wasteland, high-topped hill," or "a marshy plain".

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Nowadays, we use the word archipelago to refer to a group of islands scattered close to a sea. However, in Medieval Greek, archipelago was the proper name for the Aegean Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean where numerous large and small islands emerged from the clear blue waters.

Archipelago derives from the Ancient Greek arkhi, meaning "chief" and pélagos, "sea". The term was later applied to any sea over which numerous islands are dispersed, and more recently simply to the islands themselves.

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Another geographic term we borrowed form Russian is steppe. Steppe refers to the treeless midlatitude grassland stretching from central Europe to southern Siberia in Asia. Steppes can also be found in other regions, such as Patagonia in South America, western Canada, the northern part of Mexico, and the Great Basin region in the United States.

The word was introduced in Western Europe by German geographer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt in the early 19th century. It derives from the German steppe, which in turn comes from the Russian step, meaning "flat grassy plain."

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Are you familiar with the Florida Keys? What about the Elbow Cays in the Bahamas? And Cayo Grande off the coast of Venezuela? Although they are spelled slightly differently, all these places respond to the same geographical feature. A cay or key is a low island of sand and coral fragments, built up by waves on a reef-flat drying at low water. Cays occur in tropical environments in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.

But where does the word come from? Cay derives from the Spanish word cayo, which originates from cairi, the Taíno word for "small island". The spelling key, most used in American English, was probably influenced by the Middle English word key, meaning "wharf" or from the Old French kai, which means "sand bank".

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In this article, we have learned about the origin of geographical terms whose etymology derives from Greek, Old Norse, Spanish, and Sanskrit. Now it’s the turn of Italian. A lagoon is a shallow area of salt or brackish coastal water completely or partly separated from the open sea by some more or less effective obstacle, such as a low sandbank.

The word lagoon derives from the Italian laguna, which refers to the waters around Venice. It was such a specific term that it was used in this way in English until the 17th century. Later, it was anglicized to lagune, to finally take the form we use today —lagoon— in the late 18th century at the hand of none other than Captain James Cook.

Mind your manners

10 things that might get you into legal trouble around the world

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What people consider reasonable in terms of the law often changes from nation to nation, and sometimes even from region to region within the same country. However, there are some rules so odd that one cannot help but wonder if they were instituted as a joke and then forgotten. Some make more sense once you learn about the context, but others seem exaggerated. Be mindful of your actions, because you might end up fined—or even imprisoned—somewhere in the world.

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Looking for a way to prevent chewing gum litter, Singapore decided to tackle the root cause and directly banned the import and sale of gum, with an exception made for therapeutic reasons. Blowing bubbles in public might get you fined, and smugglers may face imprisonment.

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This rule may sound odd, but it makes sense once you get the full picture. Greece is home to numerous ancient sites, such as the Acropolis and the Parthenon. To help preserve these monuments, high heels with narrow or sharp points are banned, as they could "damage the structures." Violating this rule can result in a fine of up to €900.

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Let’s be honest—this one is a bit odd (unless you’ve worked in retail). According to Canadian law, there is a limit to the number of coins you can use in a single transaction. The allowable amount depends on the coin denomination and the total to be paid, but fear not: In true Canadian fashion, the law includes a detailed list of instructions.

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Camouflage patterns were originally developed as a military tool but have since become a popular fashion trend. Well, not in Barbados. Any civilian wearing clothes or accessories with a camouflage pattern can be fined, imprisoned, or both. Several neighboring Caribbean countries have similar laws, prompting cruise companies to specifically warn their passengers.

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This one sounds weirder than it actually is. It’s not technically illegal to drive a dirty car in Russia—but it is illegal to drive with an unreadable license plate. So, if your car is so filthy that the dirt obscures your plate, you could be fined.

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This law stems from a combination of factors. Baht, the Thai currency, depicts the King, making them subject to strict laws requiring respect for the monarchy. Additionally, feet are considered the lowest and dirtiest part of the body in Thai culture, which adds another layer of disrespect. Even carrying money in your back pocket—effectively sitting on the King—can get you into trouble.

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This law isn’t really about selfies—it’s about turning your back on Buddha statues, which is considered extremely disrespectful. Authorities take this very seriously, and tourists have occasionally gotten into trouble for posing with their backs to the statues. Such actions have even led to fines or imprisonment.

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Domesticated animals weighing under 11 pounds are allowed on French trains—but they must have a ticket. Why snails, specifically? The rule applies to all small pets, but it famously led to a dispute between the rail company and a passenger who was caught carrying live snails. Since the snails didn’t have tickets, the owner was fined—though the penalty was later waived.

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This peculiar rule doesn’t apply to all of Poland, but to one specific town where officials rejected Winnie-the-Pooh as a playground mascot—because he doesn’t wear pants. The decision sparked plenty of laughter abroad, though locals defended it as a matter of propriety. As far as we know, Donald Duck and Bugs Bunny haven’t been considered for the job either.

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Tibet, a region in China, is one of the main centers of Buddhism and home to many spiritual leaders regarded as living Buddhas—believed to be reincarnations of previous teachers. According to Chinese law, for these reincarnations to be officially recognized, they must submit an application and receive government approval. The regulation was introduced to limit foreign influence—particularly from the Dalai Lama—over the selection process.