Words without sound

Babies can tell you they're hungry before they can say a word: here's how

Imagine trying to order your morning coffee when the barista behind the counter doesn't understand a word or a gesture you're making. That's what many deaf people have to deal with every single day. But awareness is changing things: The more all of us learn about sign language and deaf culture, the more welcoming the world gets. Did you know that concerts have interpreters who convey the words and mood of a performance? Or that babies can sign basic words months before they can speak a single one? Here are 10 things about sign language that will surprise you.

Seen it or not, there’s someone off to the side of the stage, signing along with the music with incredible energy. These folks are sign language interpreters, and their job at live events is to make the whole experience accessible to deaf audience members. They not only translate the words, but they also convey the performance rhythm, mood, and emotion.

Imagine you're at a Rolling Stones concert and you're deaf. Without an interpreter, you'd feel the bass in your chest but miss everything else. With one interpreter, you get the full show.

Hearing babies can learn to sign basic words, even months before they develop the muscle control needed to speak. The fine motor skills required for simple signs develop earlier than the complex coordination needed for speech. "Baby sign language" programs have become popular with hearing parents who want to communicate with their infants before they can talk.

Imagine your 10-month-old signing "more" or "milk" instead of just screaming. Parents who've tried it say it dramatically reduces frustration on both sides, and some research suggests it may actually boost spoken language development.

There is no single, worldwide sign language. American Sign Language (ASL) is completely different from British Sign Language (BSL), even though both countries speak English. And there are hundreds of sign languages across the globe, each one developed naturally within its own deaf community, with its own vocabulary, grammar, and even regional slang.

If you learned ASL fluently and then flew to Japan, you'd be starting from scratch with Japanese Sign Language. A deaf traveler visiting a new country has to navigate a whole new language, just like anyone else.

Back in 1817, a French educator named Laurent Clerc traveled to the United States with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to help establish the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. Clerc brought French Sign Language with him, and it blended with the various signing systems already used by American deaf communities: that mix eventually became American Sign Language.

In spoken language, tone of voice tells you whether someone is asking a question or making a statement, whether they're being sarcastic or sincere. In ASL, facial expressions carry that same grammatical weight. Raised eyebrows can signal a yes/no question. A furrowed brow can indicate a "wh-" question, such as "who" or "where." Without the right face, the meaning can change completely.

Imagine signing "You're going to the store?" with a totally flat expression, without indicating if you’re making a statement or asking a question. To a fluent ASL user, that could read as a very different kind of sentence altogether.

In ASL, signers use the space in front of them almost like a stage. You can assign a spot in the air to a person or object, and then refer back to that spot throughout the conversation to mean "he," "she," "it," or "they." It's a pronoun system built entirely out of space and motion.

Picture telling a story about a disagreement between your neighbor and your boss. You'd set up your neighbor on the left side of the signing space and your boss on the right. Then, every time you refer to each of them, you simply point or direct signs toward those spots.

Many people assume sign language is just English translated into hand gestures, but ASL has its own completely independent grammar. The word order and the sentence structure are different, and many concepts that require multiple words in English can be expressed in ASL with a single sign.

If you wanted to say "I gave the book to her" in ASL, the signs, facial expressions, and spatial positioning would work together in a way that has no direct equivalent in an English sentence structure.

Just like spoken English has regional accents (think Boston versus Georgia versus Texas), ASL has regional variations too. The sign for a particular word in New York might look noticeably different from how it's signed in Los Angeles or Atlanta. Historically, schools for the deaf were major hubs where local signing styles developed and were passed down through generations of students.

There are also cultural variations within the deaf community itself. Black ASL, for instance, developed separately during the era of school segregation in the American South and has its own distinct features, signs, and style that differ from mainstream ASL.

Finger-spelling is the system used in ASL to spell out words letter by letter using hand shapes, one shape for each letter of the alphabet. It comes in handy for proper names, technical terms, or any word that doesn't have its own established sign. Fluent ASL users can finger-spell surprisingly fast, and experienced signers can read it just as quickly.

For a long time, scientists assumed that language was processed by the brain purely through sound. Sign language turned that idea on its head. Studies have shown that ASL is processed in the same areas of the brain as spoken languages. The brain, it turns out, is wired for language, not just speech. It doesn't care whether the signal comes through the ears or the eyes.

This means a child who learns ASL from birth shows the same developmental milestones as a child learning a spoken language. And deaf individuals who suffer a stroke affecting the left hemisphere can lose signing ability the same way hearing people lose speech.

Medical mysteries

Hearing colors? 10 rare medical conditions you won't believe

Image: Hush Naidoo Jade Photography

The human body is full of surprises, and even if you think you've seen it all, some cases defy everything you thought you knew. Some conditions are so strange they sound made up, but they're very real! If you are interested in the wonderful world of medicine, here are 10 medical conditions that are equally rare and fascinating!

Image: Tim Arterbury

The word aphantasia comes from Greek roots and means "without image formation." People with this condition are unable to create mental images. In other words, they can't "see" the sea or a flower in their mind, nor can they remember things visually. It's estimated that about 2.5% of the population has aphantasia, though many might not even realize they have it!

Image: Icons8 Team

If we told you that some people can hear colors or taste sounds, you might think we're making it up. But we're not! Synesthesia is a rare condition in which stimulating one sense automatically triggers another. While each person experiences it differently, these sensory connections stay consistent for them over time. Studies show that people with synesthesia often have stronger memory and creativity.

Image: Alexandra Tran

Some sources claim that French Queen Marie Antoinette's hair turned completely gray overnight just before her execution. This event inspired the name "Marie Antoinette syndrome," also known as canities subita, an extremely rare condition in which a person's hair suddenly turns totally gray over a short period of time.

Image: Jarritos Mexican Soda

If you ever wake up speaking with an unfamiliar accent, you might have what's known as foreign accent syndrome. As the name suggests, this rare condition causes sudden changes in speech rhythm or pronunciation, making it sound like the person has developed a foreign accent. It typically occurs after head trauma or injury, but it's extremely rare: only about 100 cases have been officially reported since it was first identified in 1941.

Image: Sander Sammy

As you know, synesthesia causes some senses to overlap. But there's one type that even involves other people's senses. Mirror-touch synesthesia is a condition in which a person feels physical sensations on their own body when they see someone else being touched or injured. It's believed that about 1.6% of the world's population may have mirror-touch synesthesia, making it rare but not extremely uncommon.

Image: Laura Fuhrman

If we asked what you were doing on a specific day five years ago, you probably wouldn't remember, just like most people. But those who can recall such details have hyperthymesia, also known as Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM). It's a very rare condition in which a person can recall almost every detail of their life with incredible accuracy and little effort. Only about 60 cases have been documented worldwide.

Image: Kanishk Agarwal

Some people don't feel pain, and not because they lack empathy, but because they have a condition called Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP). It's present from birth and causes those affected to feel no physical pain. While it might sound like a superpower at first, it can be dangerous because injuries may go unnoticed without any warning. People with CIP can still feel touch and detect temperature changes.

Image: Graham Ruttan

Alice in Wonderland syndrome can occur when the patient suffers from other conditions, such as migraines or viral infections. Much like Lewis Carroll's famous character, people with this syndrome may experience distortions in the size of objects, their surroundings, or even their own bodies. Most commonly seen in young people, the syndrome often fades with age.

Image: Alexander Grey

There's a condition that makes it difficult for a person to recognize faces, even those of close friends, family members, or sometimes even their own reflection. It's called prosopagnosia, and it affects about 2% of the population. People with this condition usually rely on voices, hairstyles, or other cues to identify others. This condition doesn't affect a person's memory or overall vision.

Image: Manki Kim

As unbelievable as it may sound, some people develop skin reactions when they drink or come into contact with water. This condition is called aquagenic urticaria and is sometimes referred to as "water allergy," even though it's not a true allergy because it doesn't involve the immune system in the usual way. Aquagenic urticaria is extremely rare, and its symptoms typically last between 30 and 60 minutes.